Evaluation of whey protein coating containing nanoliposome dill (Anethum graveolens L.) essential oil on microbial, physicochemical and sensory changes of rainbow trout fish.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of whey coating containing dill (Anethum graveolens L.) essential oil nanoliposome on the physicochemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Treatments comprise: sample without coating (control), coating containing whey, coating containing whey with essential oil (whey-EO) and coating containing whey with nano EO (whey-NEO). The particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index and the encapsulation efficiency were ranged from 142 to 159 nm, -16.3 to -11.7 mV, 0.79 to 0.88 Mw/Mn and 45.85-70.01 %, respectively. Microbial analysis, after 21 days, the maximum and minimum of TVC (total viable counts), TPC (total psychrophilic counts) and LAB (lactic acid bacteria) counts were related to control (8.16 for TVC, 8.46 for TPC and 7.7 log CFU/g for LAB) and whey + NEO (7 for TVC, 7.3 for TPC and 6.16 log CFU/g for LAB), respectively. Also, results of pH, peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and total volatile base-nitrogen (TVB-N) after 21 days were ranged from 6.3 (whey-NEO) to 7.5 (control), from 11.5(whey-NEO) to 20.9 mEq/Kg (control), from 5.23(whey-NEO) to 8.34 mg MDA/kg (control) and from 22.5 (whey-NEO) to 37 mg N/100 g (control), respectively. Finally, in all sensory evaluation items (texture, off-odor, discoloration and red color), the best result after 21 days was related to whey-NEO (score = 1). Consequently, the edible coating comprising whey and nanoliposome of EO could be effective to the maintenance of fish's microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory properties.

Modulation of toxicity effects of CuSO4 by sulfated polysaccharides extracted from brown algae (Sargassum tenerrimum) in Danio rerio as a model.

Copper is widely used in agriculture and aquaculture due to its high disinfection properties and relatively low cost. However, the increase in copper concentration due to evaporation can lead to water reservoir pollution, which can harm the health of consumers. The present study aimed to determine the role of sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) extracted from Sargassum tenerimum algae in reducing lesions caused by the heavy metal copper. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) were used as a human model in five treatments. The negative and positive control groups were fed a diet containing zero percent of SPs, while the experimental groups were fed 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% of SPs in three treatments for 56 days, finally CuSO4 was exposed only to the positive control group and the groups fed with SPs. Results showed a significant decrease in the activity level of ALT enzymes (39-16 U/mL), AST (67-46 U/mL), and ALP (485-237 U/mL), confirming the results obtained from histopathological studies in CuSO4 exposed groups. The addition of SPs to the diet resulted in a significant reduction (sig < 0.05) of mortalities due to the decrease of tissue damage. Additionally, due to the anti-inflammatory properties and the protective effect of SPs, a significant decrease (sig < 0.05) was observed in the relative expression of Il-1ß and Tnf-α genes.

Structural characterization of exopolysaccharide from Leuconostoc mesenteroides P35 and its binding interaction with bovine serum albumin using surface plasmon resonance biosensor.

This paper describes the structural elucidation of Leuconostoc mesenteroides P35 exopolysaccharide (EPS-LM). Ln. mesenteroides P35 strain was isolated from a French goat cheese for its capacity to produce EPS increasing the viscosity of a whey-based fermentation medium. The chemical structure of EPS-LM analysis was elucidated by determination of optical rotation degree, macromolecular characterization, sugar units and methylation analyses, FT-IR, 1D NMR spectroscopy (1H and 13C NMR), 2D NMR spectroscopy (1H1H COSY, HSQC and HMBC). EPS-LM was a high molecular weight (ranging from 6.7 × 106 Da to 9.9 × 106 Da) dextran that is composed of only d-glucose units containing α (1 â†’ 6) linkages and paltry α (1 â†’ 3) branches. Since polysaccharide-protein interactions can be exploited to control and design food matrices, EPS-LM interactions with bovine serum albumin (the main constituent of bovine plasma) were investigated by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Kinetic properties of EPS-LM binding with immobilized BSA via showed an increase of EPS-LM affinity (equilibrium constant (Kd)) for BSA from (2.50 ± 0.01) × 10-5 M-1 at 298 K to (9.21 ± 0.05) × 10-6 M-1 at to 310 K. The thermodynamic parameters revealed that van der Waals and hydrogen binding forces play a major role in the interaction of EPS-LM with BSA. However, EPS-LM-BSA interaction was non-spontaneous, entropy driven and an EPS-LM - BSA binding process was endothermic (ΔG > 0). The structural findings suggested that Ln. mesenteroides P35 α-D-glucan might find widespread technological applications in the biopolymer, medical and food industries.

Development of antimicrobial gelatin-ulvan-beeswax composite films: Optimization of formulation using mixture design methodology.

A new generation of antimicrobial film was developed by incorporation of ulvan extracted from Ulva intestinalis into gelatin from common carp scale and its water sensitivity was reduced with addition of beeswax. Optimum composition of gelatin (0-100%w/w), ulvan (0-100%w/w) and beeswax (0-10%w/w) for achieving composite films with minimum water solubility (S) and water vapor permeability (WVP) and maximum tensile strength (TS), elongation at break point (EAB) and antibacterial effect on E. coli (EC) were investigated using mixture design methodology. Both pure gelatin and ulvan films and their composites had relatively good mechanical and optical properties. Addition of ulvan to gelatin produced composite films with good antibacterial properties but water resistance of all the films was weak. Addition of beeswax up to ∼5 % improved the water resistance and mechanical properties of the films without jeopardizing their antibacterial properties. The final optimum formulation with a desirability of 0.709 was achieved as 52.18 % of gelatin, 40.83 % of ulvan and 6.97 % of beeswax resulting in a minimum possible S (40 %) and WVP (1.86 10-10 g/ms Pa) and maximum possible TS (6.23 MPa) and EAB (89 %) with good EC (7.66 mm). Finally, good mechanical, thermal and microstructural properties of the optimum composite film was confirmed. Altogether, a combination of ulvan and beeswax can be a promising solution for development of gelatin films with both antimicrobial properties and lower water sensitivity.

Extraction, purification, physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of a new polysaccharide from Ocimum album L. seed.

In this study, a novel polysaccharide fraction from Ocimum album seed was extracted and then purified by Cellulose DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-200 anion exchange chromatography. The structural, physicochemical and antioxidant properties of the main polysaccharide fraction (OAP-1A) were evaluated. The purified polysaccharide contained 94.3% carbohydrate, 3.56% moisture and 2.14% ash and result of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) showed average molecular weight of 593 kDa. The results of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that OAP-1A was a neutral hetero-polysaccharide composed of mannose (35.7%), glucose (33.32%), galactose (19.6%) and rhamnose (11.38%). In addition, GC-MS data, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis revealed that the backbone of OAP-1A consists of →3)-ß-D-Manp-(1→, →3,4)-ß-D-Manp-(1→, →3,6)-ß-D-Manp-(1→, →3)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-ß-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-α-L-Rhap-(1→ and α-D-Glcp-(1→. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed semi-crystalline structure in OAP-1A. Differential scanning colorimeter (DSC) and thermo-gravimetry analysis (TGA) indicated that OAP-1A had relatively high thermal stability. Moreover, OAP-1A showed strong scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals.

Prunus armeniaca gum exudates: An overview on purification, structure, physicochemical properties, and applications.

Prunus armeniaca gum exudate (PAGE) is obtained from the trunk branches of apricot trees. PAGE is a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide with arabinogalactan structure. The physicochemical and rheological characteristics of this gum have been investigated in various researches. PAGE offers a good potential for use as an emulsifying, binding, and stabilizing agent in food and pharmaceutical industries. It also can be used as an organic additive in tissue culture media, synthesizing of metallic nanoparticles, binding potential in tablets, antioxidant agent, and corrosion inhibitor. For desirable emulsifying, stabilizing, shelf life-enhancing properties, and antioxidant activity of PAGE, it can be used as additive in many foods. We present here a comprehensive review on the existing literatures on characterization of this source of polysaccharide to explore its potential applications in various systems.

Production, medium optimization, and structural characterization of an extracellular polysaccharide produced by Rhodotorula minuta ATCC 10658.

Several strains of microorganism are capable of converting carbohydrates into extracellular polysaccharide. The preset research is a first effort made to optimize extracellular polysaccharide (CRMEP) by Rhodotorula minuta ATCC 10658 using one factor at time and response surface methods. One factor at time was applied in the initial screening of substrates prior to optimization study. Of all the substrates examined, starch as carbon source and defatted soy bean powder as protein source were discovered to be best for CRMEP production. Response surface analysis revealed that 15 g/L starch and 30g/L defatted soy bean powder were the optimal chemical conditions. The model predicted 13.22 g/L for CRMEP, which went along with the experimentally observed result. Purification of CRMEP by anion-exchange column of DEAE-cellulose yielded RMEP. Structural investigation indicated that the main chain of RMEP was composed of (1 â†’ 3) and (1 â†’ 4)-linked mannopyranosyl residues, with branches attached to O-6 of some (1 â†’ 3)-linked mannopyranosyl residues. The branches were composed of Glcp-(1 â†’ residues.

A new water-soluble polysaccharide from Echinops pungens Trautv roots. Part I. Isolation, purification, characterization and antioxidant activity.

EPPS, a new heteropolysaccharide from Echinops pungens roots, was extracted by warm water (70 °C) and fortuitously purified using column chromatographies on DEAE-cellulose A52 and Sephadex G-100. Total carbohydrate content, specific optical rotation and molecular mass of EPPS were 98.3%, -88.2 and 65.7 kDa, respectively. GLC analysis revealed that EPPS was a neutral polysaccharide and contained Gal, Glc, Man, Xyl, and Ara at ratios of 0.96: 5.23:1.00:2.06:1.04. Multiple chemical and instrumental analysis methods such as methylation, periodate oxidation and Smith degradation, partial acid hydrolysis, GLC-MS, FT-IR and NMR (1H and 13C) were employed to elucidate the structure of EPPS and their results showed that its backbone consists of →6)-ß-D-Glcp-(1 â†’ residues, with branches attached to O-4 (~38%) by →4)-ß-L-Arap-(1→, →4)-ß-D-Manp-(1→, →4)-ß-D-Xylp-(1→, ß-D-Xylp-(1 â†’ and α-D-Galp-(1 â†’ residues. DPPH radical scavenging ability of EPPS was lower than ascorbic acid at identical concentrations and its EC50 value was 1.91 mg/ml.

Optimization and characterization of pullulan produced by a newly identified strain of Aureobasidium pullulans.

In this study, a new strain suspected to be Aureobasidium pullulans was isolated from trees leaves. The molecular characterization and the resulting phylogenetic tree showed that the isolated strain was A. pullulans. Also, the results of methylation analysis, monosaccharide composition, FTIR, NMR and XRD confirmed that the obtained exo-polysaccharide from the mentioned strain was pullulan. The pullulan production optimization by central composite design (CCD) indicated that the maximum yield obtained under optimum conditions (pH of 6.5, sucrose concentration of 5.5% (w/v) and yeast extract concentration of 0.1% (w/v)) was 51.4 ± 0.50 g/L. The produced pullulan had an average molecular weight (Mw) of 2.07 × 105 g.mol-1 based on gel permeation chromatography results. The decomposition temperature (Td) of the produced pullulan was ~300 °C and also, the resulting pullulan had a Newtonian flow behavior in a wide range of concentrations.

A water-soluble polysaccharide from the roots of Eremurus spectabilis M. B. subsp. spectabilis: Extraction, purification and structural features.

A heteropolysaccharide ESP, was separated from a water extract of dried roots of Eremurus spectabilis by column chromatographies on DEAE-cellulose A52 and Sephadex G-100. Specific optical rotation, molecular mass and total carbohydrate content of ESP were -36.3°, 43.8 kDa and 97.2%, respectively. Monosaccharide composition analysis showed that ESP consisted of glucose and mannose at a molar ratio of 1.0:2.9. Structural characterization of ESP was done by various chemical and instrumental techniques (methylation, partial acid hydrolysis, Smith degradation, periodate oxidation, GLC-MS and 1D/2D NMR). The repeating unit of ESP was determined as following.

Statistical Optimization of Culture Conditions for Protein Production by a Newly Isolated Morchella fluvialis.

Morchella fungi are considered a good source of protein. The ITS region was used to identify Morchella isolated in the northern region of Iran. The isolated fungus was very similar to Morchella fluvialis. M. fluvialis was first isolated in Iran. Dried biomass of M. fluvialis contained 9% lipids and 50% polysaccharides. Fatty acid profiles of lipids of M. fluvialis are mainly made up of linoleic acid (C18:2) (62%), followed by palmitic acid (C16:0) (12%). Testosterone (TS) was also detected (0.732 ng/dry weight biomass (DWB)) in the hormone profile of this new isolated species. Then, various protein and carbon sources as variable factors were applied to identify the key substrates, which stimulated protein production using the one-factor-at-a-time method. Key substrates (glucose and soybean) were statistically analyzed to determine the optimum content of the protein and DWB accumulation using response surface methods. The highest protein content (38% DWB) was obtained in the medium containing 80 g/l glucose and 40 g/l soybean powder. Total nutritionally indispensable amino acids and conditionally indispensable amino acids constitute 55.7% crude protein. That is to say, these adequate quantities of essential amino acids in the protein of M. fluvialis make it a good and promising source of essential amino acids for human diet.

Structural characterization of a new water-soluble polysaccharide isolated from Acanthophyllum acerosum roots and its antioxidant activity.

A new water-soluble polysaccharide named as AAPS-1, was extracted with warm water from the roots of Acanthophyllum acerosum and further purified by DEAE-cellulose A52 anion-exchange and Sephadex G-50 gel filtration chromatography. AAPS-1 was a neutral polysaccharide, with a molecular weight of 23.2kDa and a specific optical rotation of +181.3° (c 1.0, H2O), and comprised of Glucose, Galactose and Arabinose with a relative molar ratio of 1.6:5.1:1.0. Structure features of AAPS-1 were investigated by a combination of chemical and instrumental analysis, such as partial acid hydrolysis, methylation, periodate oxidation and Smith degradation, GC-MS, FTIR and NMR (13C and 1H). The data obtained indicate that AAPS-1 possessed a backbone of →6)-α-d-Galp-(1→ residues, with branches attached to O-2 (∼35%) by α-d-Glcp-(1→ and at O-3 (∼16%) by α-d-Galp-(1→ and by ß-l-Arap-(1→3)-ß-l-Arap-(1→3)-ß-l-Arap-(1→. The scavenging activity of AAPS-1 against DPPH radical was less than that of ascorbic acid at the same concentrations and the EC50 value of AAPS-1 was 1.4mg/ml.

Structural features of a new water-soluble polysaccharide from the gum exudates of Amygdalus scoparia Spach (Zedo gum).

A new water-soluble polysaccharide (CZGS-1) with molecular weight of 4860kDa and a specific optical rotation of +31.5° (c 1.0, H2O), was extracted from the gum exudate of Amygdalus scoparia Spach by hot water, following by purification with DEAE-cellulose A52 and Sephacryl S-400 HR columns. Monosaccharide composition analysis indicates that CZGS-1 was an arabino galactan including Rha, Ara, Xyl, and Gal with a relative molar ratio of 1.1:20:5.2:17.9. The uronic acid content of CZGS-1 was about 6%. Structural features of CZGS-1 was investigated by a combination of partial acid hydrolysis, methylation and GC-MS analysis, periodic acid oxidation and Smith degradation, FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy. The results indicated that CZGS-1 possesses a backbone of →3,6)-ß-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-ß-d-Galp-(1→, and →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→ residues with side chains attached to O-3 and O-6 positions of 1,3,6-linked ß-d-Galp. The side chains are consisted of ß-d-Xylp-(1→3)-α-l-Araf-(1→3)-α-l-Araf-(1→), α-l-Rhap-(1→6)-ß-d-Galp-(1→), and ß-d-GlcAp-(1→6)-ß-d-Galp-(1→).

Isolation, purification and structural characterization of a new water-soluble polysaccharide from Eremurus stenophyllus (boiss. & buhse) baker roots.

A new water-soluble polysaccharide (ESPS-1), with the average molecular weight of 52.1kDa and a specific optical rotation of +169.7° (c 1.0, H2O), was successfully isolated by warm-water extraction and then purified using DEAE-Cellulose and Sephadex G-100 columns from the roots of Eremurus stenophyllus. The results from chemical and instrumental tests including FT-IR, methylation and GC-MS analysis, periodate oxidation and Smith degradation, partial acid hydrolysis, and NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 1H-1H COSY, HMQC and HMBC) demonstrated that ESPS-1 was a 2-O-acetylgalactan, composed of galactose, arabinose and mannose in a molar ratio of about 10:3:1, respectively. It has a backbone of (1→6)-α-d-galactopyranosyl residues, with branches at O-3 consisting of α-d-Manp-(1→3)-α-l-Araf-(1→3)-α-l-Araf-(1→3)-α-l-Araf-(1→. The acetyl groups are substituted at O-2 of (1→6)-linked Galp and the degree of acetylation was about 14%.

Structural elucidation of the main water-soluble polysaccharide from Rubus anatolicus roots.

An acidic heteropolysaccharide, RAPS-1, was isolated from the roots of Rubus anatolicus by water extraction (70°C) and purification using DEAE-cellulose A52 and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. The total sugar content and specific optical rotation of RAPS-1 were 96.3% and +196°, respectively. RAPS-1 had a molecular weight of 7900Da, and was composed of glucose, galactose, and glucuronic acid with a relative molar ratio of 6.2: 1.0: 1.2. Structural features of RAPS-1 were elucidated by a combination of partial acid hydrolysis, periodate oxidation and Smith degradation, methylation, GC-MS, FTIR, and NMR (13C and 1H) analysis. The results indicated that RAPS-1 had a backbone of →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→ residues, with branches attached to O-6 by α-d-Galp-(1→ and by α-d-GlcAp-(1→.

Evaluation of physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant property of Prunus avium gum exudates.

In this study some physicochemical properties and elemental analysis of Prunus avium gum exudates were investigated. The gum studied had, on average, 75.14% carbohydrate, 11.3% uronic acids, 1.11% protein, 7.53% moisture content (w.b.) and 3.12% ash. Measured values for the angle of repose, Carr's index and Hausner ratio showed the good flow ability for the gum powder. The viscosity of 1% aqueous solution of the gum exhibited a Newtonian type of flow and with pH reduction the swelling index was increased. The average molecular weight of the main polysaccharide fraction was about 1.46×105Da (146kDa). GC analysis showed that the main polysaccharide was composed of four kinds of neutral monosaccharides, namely mannose (Man), arabinose (Ara), galactose (Gal) and xylose (Xyl) with a relative molar ratio of 1.0:14.7:7.1:2.4. FTIR analysis showed the presence of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups and glycosidic linkage. The antioxidant activity of the gum was evaluated by determining DPPH scavenging and total phenolic contents which showed poor antioxidant property.

The first application of a new polysaccharide from Acanthophyllum bracteatum for the health improvement of Atlantic salmon exposed to mercury chloride.

Polysaccharides are biopolymers that play key roles as therapeutic agents. The current study examined the efficiency of a polysaccharide newly derived from a plant resource for detection of sub-acute mercury (Hg) exposure on blood characteristics of Atlantic salmon. The polysaccharide was extracted from the roots of Acanthophyllum bracteatum, and the Atlantic salmon were divided into three groups and placed in fiberglass tanks: one with no Hg as a control, one filled with 60 µg l(-1) of Hg solution, and one with 60 µg l(-1) Hg solution plus 1% weight/weight (w/w) of polysaccharide, which had been added 24 hours before the addition of Hg solution. Serum hematological and biochemical parameters were analysed. Results of the study showed that the blood factors were significantly adjusted in the group that had been exposed to the polysaccharide and Hg compared to the group that had been exposed only to Hg. The polysaccharide had an adjustment effect on lymphocytes, granulocytes, red blood cells (RBCs), Hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), protein, chlorine (Cl), sodium (Na), and glucose. It did not have a significant effect on hematocrit (Ht), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), potassium (K), and monocytes. Finally, the results confirmed that the new polysaccharide has useful effects on the host, possibly acting as a probiotic by selectively motivating the activity of some useful bacteria, which can improve the host health. This is the first report on application of this polysaccharide for the health improvement of Atlantic salmon exposed to mercury chloride.

Structural investigation and response surface optimisation for improvement of kefiran production yield from a low-cost culture medium.

Kefiran, a water-soluble heteropolysaccharide with molecular weight of 1.35×10(6)Da and a specific optical rotation of +64° (c 1.0, H2O), was isolated from kefir grains grown in cheese whey and further purified through DEAE-Sepharose XK26. Response surface methodology was employed to optimise the culture conditions for kefiran production from kefir grains to be lactose concentration 67 g/l, yeast extract 13g/l, pH 5.7 and temperature 24°C. Intrinsic viscosity was 5.84 dl/g using the Huggins extrapolation and 5.53 dl/g using the Kramer extrapolation. Monosaccharide analysis revealed that kefiran is composed of glucose (Glc) and galactose (Gal) in a relative molar ratio of 1.0:1.1. Its structural features were elucidated by a combination of FT-IR, methylation and GC-MS analysis, periodate oxidation-Smith degradation, partial acid hydrolysis and NMR spectroscopy ((1)H, (13)C and HMBC). The data obtained indicated that kefiran possessed a backbone of (1→6)-linked Glc, (1→3)-linked Gal, (1→4)-linked Gal, (1→4)-linked Glc and (1→2,6)-linked Gal, with a branch attached to O-2 of Gal residues and terminated with Glc residues.

Isolation, structural characterization and antioxidant activity of a new water-soluble polysaccharide from Acanthophyllum bracteatum roots.

ABPS-1, a new water-soluble polysaccharide with molecular weight of 26 kDa and a specific optical rotation of +170° (c 1.0, H(2)O), was extracted from the roots of Acanthophyllum bracteatum by warm water and further successively purified through DEAE-cellulose A52 and Sephadex G-100 columns. Monosaccharide analysis revealed that the ABPS-1 was composed of Glc, Gal and Ara with a relative molar ratio of 1.4:5.2:1.0. Its structural features were elucidated by a combination of FT-IR, methylation and GC-MS analysis, periodate oxidation and Smith degradation, partial acid hydrolysis and (13)C and (1)H NMR spectroscopy. The data obtained indicate that ABPS-1 possessed a backbone of α-(1→6)-linked Gal with branches attached to O-2 by α-1→linked Glc and at O-3 by α-1→linked Gal and by α-(1→3)-linked Ara. The in vitro antioxidant activity showed that ABPS-1 possesses DPPH radical-scavenging activity in a concentration-dependent manner with an EC(50) value of 2.6 mg/ml.